Stream morphometry is also influenced by topography (especially slope) as well as precipitation patterns and other factors such as vegetation and land development. River and stream system morphometry is driven by underlying geology of the area as well as the general velocity of the water. Lakes, for instance, are classified by their formation, and zones of lakes are defined by water depth. The morphometry of a body of water depends on the type of feature (such as a lake, river, stream, wetland, estuary etc.) and the structure of the earth surrounding the body of water. Physical properties of aquatic ecosystems are determined by a combination of heat, currents, waves and other seasonal distributions of environmental conditions. Hasler contributed to the development of the Center for Limnology. At the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Edward A. Prominent early American limnologists included G. Forel's original definition of limnology, "the oceanography of lakes", was expanded to encompass the study of all inland waters, and influenced Benedykt Dybowski's work on Lake Baikal. Interest in the discipline rapidly expanded, and in 1922 August Thienemann (a German zoologist) and Einar Naumann (a Swedish botanist) co-founded the International Society of Limnology (SIL, from Societas Internationalis Limnologiae). The term limnology was coined by François-Alphonse Forel (1841–1912) who established the field with his studies of Lake Geneva. While limnology has substantial overlap with freshwater-focused disciplines (e.g., freshwater biology), it also includes the study of inland salt lakes. Limnology is closely related to aquatic ecology and hydrobiology, which study aquatic organisms and their interactions with the abiotic (non-living) environment. This approach considers processes in inland waters on a global scale, like the role of inland aquatic ecosystems in global biogeochemical cycles. Recently, the need to understand global inland waters as part of the Earth system created a sub-discipline called global limnology. A more recent sub-discipline of limnology, termed landscape limnology, studies, manages, and seeks to conserve these ecosystems using a landscape perspective, by explicitly examining connections between an aquatic ecosystem and its drainage basin. Limnology includes the study of the drainage basin, movement of water through the basin and biogeochemical changes that occur en route. Water systems are often categorized as either running ( lotic) or standing ( lentic). This includes the study of lakes, reservoirs, ponds, rivers, springs, streams, wetlands, and groundwater. The study of limnology includes aspects of the biological, chemical, physical, and geological characteristics of fresh and saline, natural and man-made bodies of water. Limnology ( / l ɪ m ˈ n ɒ l ə dʒ i/ lim- NOL-ə-jee from Ancient Greek λίμνη ( límnē) 'lake', and -λογία ( -logía) 'study of') is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems. Science of inland aquatic ecosystems Lake Hawea, New Zealand
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